Alcohol and other drugs, including prescription drugs Test refusal results in suspicion 1 st refusal or termination subsequent refusal.
Those who test positive are required to have a substance abuse assessment and must comply with follow-up requirements under an employability plan. V Lac du Flambeau Applicants and ongoing recipients Universal At initial application, 90 days after testing positive a second time, and annually for ongoing clients Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, marijuana, mehaqualone, oxycodones, propoxyphane, amphetamines, cocaine, methadone, opiates, phencyclidine Refusal to take the test results in failure to open a new case or closure of an existing case.
First failure results in mandatory AODA referral; second failure closes case for 90 days; third and subsequent failures close case for one year.
For cause testing may be conducted at any time. Cocaine metabolite, marijuana, opiates, amphetamines, phencyclidine, nitrites, and chromium Refusal to take the test results in ineligibility.
Current recipients who either test positive or refuse testing must obtain a substance abuse assessment and may be sanctioned or terminated from benefits for noncompliance with their treatment plan. V Oneida Tribe [1] Applicants and ongoing recipients of cash payment assistance Universal When approved for TANF cash payment assistance Marijuana, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, sedatives, oxycotin, cocaine; tricyclic-antidepressants, opiates, propoxyphene Darvon, Darvocets , barbiturates, and phencyclidine Refusal to take the test results in denial of TANF services for 90 days.
Noncompliance results in day closure of TANF cash payment. V Sokaogon Participants who self-report a drug felony conviction Universal for the specific target population Not provided Amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates, and PCP Requirements to participate in rehaibilitation.
V Stockbridge-Munsee Tribe Applicants and ongoing recipients Universal for applicants; ongoing recipients are tested randomly and may be tested for cause At application and randomly thereafter Marijuana, opiates, phencyclidine, cocaine, and amphetamines Refusal results in denial of application or case closure for ongoing recipients. Positive test for ongoing recipients results in vendor voucher payments for a minimum of 3 months, a substance abuse assessment is required.
If a client is initially positive, the case manager tries to re-test at least every other month. Opiates, marijuana, methamphetamine, cocaine, and amphetamines Client is reported to child protective services and vendor payments are made until treatment recommendations have been completed. VIII Chippewa Cree Tribes of the Rocky Boy Reservation Applicants and ongoing recipients Universal at application and random thereafter At application and then annually Amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, marijuana, opiates, oxycodone, phencyclidine, and alcohol Required substance abuse assessment and compliance with treatment plan.
IX Yurok Tribe All adult members of TANF households, applicants and ongoing recipients Universal at application, both random and for cause thereafter At intake and then annually Amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, opiates, marijuana, phencyclidine, oxycodone Required substance abuse assessment and required compliance with treatment plan.
Refusal is treated as a positive test. IX Owens Valley Career Development Center Applicants and ongoing recipients subject to mandatory work requirements Universal and for cause At intake, at the time of job placement; for cause testing may be conducted at any time Not specified Referral for behavioral health treatment, hours for which may count toward work participation.
IX North Fork Rancheria Applicants and ongoing recipients Universal and random At intake, randomly thereafter and annually at recertification All drugs including alcohol Repeated refusal results in case closure. IX Southern California Tribal Chairmens Association Applicants and ongoing recipients Universal, random and for cause testing is conducted At intake and annually at recertification.
Positive test results in required assessment; treatment recommendations become part of the Family Success Plan. Noncompliance results in case closure. IX Hoopa Valley Tribe All adult TANF household members, protective payees and child care providers Universal, random, and for cause Universal at intake and recertification; randomly or for cause thereafter Amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine;,opiates, marijuana, PCP, barbiturates, benzodiazepine Required substance abuse assessment and services; protective payee.
IX Pasqua Yaqui Tribe Ongoing recipients and work experience participants Universal for work experience participants, others for cause Not reported Illegal substances Ongoing random testing; treatment referral IX Soboba Adult applicants Universal for applicants, randomly for those who have previously tested positive Not reported All major drugs Refusal results in denial of benefits. Positive tests results in treatment assessment and vendor payments.
Direct cash assistance may be restored if two random drug tests are clean within 90 days. IX Round Valley Tribe Ongoing recipients For cause Upon further cause All drugs including alcohol Adult is removed from the grant; vendor payment is made for the remainder.
IX Graton Rancheria Applicants and ongoing recipients Universal, random and for cause At intake and every six months thereafter. Occasional random and for cause testing is also conducted. Opiates, barbiturates, alcohol, methamphetamine, marijuana, amphetamines, PCP, cocaine Refusal results in progressive sanctions leading to case termination; positive tests result in referral for assessment and treatment.
Positive test results in referral for assessment, treatment plan requirements. Estimate would include cost to administer drug screening, give notice to applicants, and oversee operation and training. Persons being screened pay for the drug screening. If test negative, the department will reimburse the individual for the cost of the screening by increasing the amount of TANF benefits received by the amount paid for the drug screening.
Florida [49] Cost unknown. The bill that has now been passed would require applicants to pay the cost of the drug test, which will be reimbursed if the applicant tests negative. Estimates include testing, system programming, and treatment by a contractor. Estimate only includes the price of the test itself. Estimate includes cost for additional TANF staff to monitor applications and eligibility and increased contract costs for staff and supplies to do the testing.
Estimates include costs of increased staffing needs, including for increased administrative hearings, drug treatment, changes to electronic applications, and hiring contractors to administer the drug tests. Estimate only includes the price of the test itself for all applicants and recipients. Tennessee [57] No cost. Requires states to certify that TANF applicants have been drug tested and states may include continued random or set testing of recipients.
Ineligible for benefits for positive test for two years or for drug related crime after bill is in effect. Drug which are prohibited by law and include, but not limited to: amphetamine, tetrahydrocannabinol, oxycodone, cocaine, phencyclidine, opiate, barbiturate, benzodiazepine, methamphetamine, proposxyphene, tricyclic antidepressant, without a valid prescription.
Reapplication allowed after 6 months for documented treatment completion; If parent is ineligible, child remains eligible and payment is made to designated payee. Cost of test is responsibility of person being tested, but if person passes test, the amount of the test is added to first TANF benefit paid.
Random testing of adult applicants plus required testing for someone who appears or acts in way that suggests they may be under the influence. Treatment information provided; Reapplication allowed after 6 months for documented treatment completion; If parent is ineligible; child remains eligible and payment is made to designated payee. Cost of test is responsibility of person being tested, but if person passes test, the amount of the test is added to first TANF benefit paid; reads very similar to AL bill.
Not admissible in court without consent Senate includes language about confirmatory test for positive test and provision that person tested is able to request 2nd confirmatory test. May be required as condition of eligibility to begin as pilot program in 3 counties [not required for individuals over 65].
Treatment must be completed within 60 days to continue to receive benefit plus clear test after treatment is over ; other family members remain eligible. If completing rehab program, TANF benefits available on day of treatment completion; child remains eligible.
Includes language about exclusion from Medicaid for positive test; drug testing language similar between all bills. All applicants and ongoing recipients recipients tested once each year by random month assignment. At minimum: marijuana, hashish, cocaine, opiates, methamphetamines, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, and phencyclidine.
Nearly identical to HB added specification on random testing and clarifies funding issues. Ineligible unless treatment is undertaken or after 90 days and negative test if no treatment is available. Original bill included language about a pilot program for drug testing for eligibility but was not included in the bill that passed the House. Agency required to conduct assessment and offer services; Benefit for entire assistance unit paid in vendor form for shelter and utilities.
Ineligible for benefits, 2 later, clean tests before benefits are reinstated not less than 3 months apart. Ineligible for benefits for 1 year for Senate Bill , length of termination determined by number of positive tests. First positive test: no benefits for 90 days, 2nd positive test: no benefits for days, 3rd positive test, no benefits for one year after which time an additional test is administered. Referral to drug treatment program; Children and other household members otherwise eligible can continue to receive benefits through 3 rd party payee.
At time of application or interim change, case workers may file report on applicants or recipients of TANF for child abuse that results from substance abuse leads to subsequent testing. Administrative hearing to determine if positive test is accurate, decision of hearing may be appealed. Ineligible for benefits for first failing to participate in treatment, denial lasts 45 days or until person participates in treatment.
Social service agency refers for treatment; other family members receive public assistance through safety net assistance. All bills but and Referred to Committee; passed Senate, sent to house, passed house but unable to agree in committee. Children under 12 are tested every 2 years and if positive for drugs are referred to family and child services.
All bills but House Bill referred to committee; House Bill passed House and referred to committee in Senate. For those who test positive, entitled to administrative hearing to determine test validity and contest suspended benefits. Ineligible for benefits for 1 year for first positive test and 3 years for second positive test; those completing treatment may reapply after 6 months.
List of treatment facilities provided but cost of treatment is not covered; Children remain eligible with payment made to protective payee. Ineligible for benefits for 1 year for first positive test and 3 years for second positive test; May reapply after 6 months with documented completion of treatment. Each adult recipient who is otherwise eligible for public assistance or who the department has reasonable cause to believe engages in the illegal use of controlled substances.
As part of bill, legislators must also be tested and they lose pay and benefits but no job for positive test, nearly same wording between two bills. For those with initial positive tests, additional tests for monitoring purposes could be required for a year or longer. Test refusal results in suspicion 1 st refusal or termination subsequent refusal. At initial application, 90 days after testing positive a second time, and annually for ongoing clients.
Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, marijuana, mehaqualone, oxycodones, propoxyphane, amphetamines, cocaine, methadone, opiates, phencyclidine. Refusal to take the test results in failure to open a new case or closure of an existing case. Refusal to take the test results in ineligibility. Marijuana, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, sedatives, oxycotin, cocaine; tricyclic-antidepressants, opiates, propoxyphene Darvon, Darvocets , barbiturates, and phencyclidine.
Refusal to take the test results in denial of TANF services for 90 days. Refusal results in denial of application or case closure for ongoing recipients. The case managers try to test at least five clients a month. Client is reported to child protective services and vendor payments are made until treatment recommendations have been completed. Most of the evidence drawn on by critics of the trial comes from places that have implemented such programs.
While it has been considered in the UK and Canada, variations on testing welfare recipients for drug use have only previously appeared in the US and New Zealand. So, have they worked? And is there a convincing link between welfare recipients and drug use at all? The most recent estimates from the US found about one in five people receiving welfare had used illicit drugs in the previous year.
The impact this drug use has on their lives varies widely, however. The clandestine nature of drug use, and the reliance on self-reporting in these statistics, make prevalence estimates imperfect. Nevertheless, drug use has been treated as a key driver of welfare dependency in the US, where testing has been implemented intermittently since the turn of the century. As numbers of such programs grew in the US, one study directly analysed the difference in employment and earnings between welfare recipients who were and were not using drugs in Florida.
The study reviewed 6, applications as part of drug testing for the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program. This involves the federal government providing financial assistance to pregnant women and families with one or more dependants.
The authors found a small but insignificant difference between groups, which is a difficult result on which to base conclusions. And it had limited ability to control for related social and demographic factors. Read more: Helping drug users get back to work, not random drug testing, should be our priority. Given the funding constraints and particular challenges associated with conducting this type of research, it is critical to find new ways for substance abuse health services researchers to collaborate with State and Federal welfare agencies on this agenda.
Overall, Federal and State governments face important questions regarding the handling of HtE welfare recipients: What services are effective in helping HtE recipients move toward self-sufficiency?
Can States afford to provide these services? And what are the consequences, both human and economic, when such families are removed from the welfare roles? Further research is urgently needed to inform policy in this area. Berlin, G. Brookings Review —38, Chandler, D. Danziger, S. Barriers to Employment of Welfare Recipients. Grant, B. Alcohol and drug use, abuse, and dependence among welfare recipients.
American Journal of Public Health —, PMID: Jayakody, R. Welfare reform, substance use and mental health. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law —, Kline, A. McLellan, A. Evaluation Review —, Metsch, L.
Welfare reform and substance abuse. Milbank Quarterly —99, Morgenstern, J. Washington, DC: U. Barriers to employability among substance dependent and nonsubstance-affected women on federal welfare: Implications for program design.
Journal of Studies on Alcohol —, a. Evaluation Review —, b.
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